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Sunday, 30 June 2013

Traditional Medicine: definition

Traditional Medicine


Traditional medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. 

A medicina tradicional é a soma total do conhecimento, habilidades e práticas com base nas teorias, crenças e experiências indígenas de diferentes culturas, explicáveis ​​ou não, usadas na manutenção da saúde, bem como na prevenção, diagnóstico, melhoria ou tratamento de doenças físicas e mentais.

Traditionelle Medizin ist die Summe der Kenntnisse, Fähigkeiten und Verhaltensweisen auf den Theorien, Überzeugungen und Erfahrungen indigenen verschiedene Kulturen basieren, ob erklärbar oder nicht, in die Erhaltung der Gesundheit sowie in der Vorbeugung, Diagnose, Verbesserung oder verwendet Behandlung von körperlichen und psychischen Erkrankungen.

傳統醫學的知識,技能和實踐基礎上的理論,信仰和經驗,以不同文化固有的總和,是否可解釋與否,在維護健康以及預防,診斷,改善或身體和精神疾病的治療。

الطب التقليدي هو مجموع المعارف والمهارات والممارسات القائمة على النظريات والمعتقدات والخبرات الأصيلة التي تمتلكها مختلف الثقافات، سواء تفسير أو لا، وتستخدم في الحفاظ على الصحة وكذلك في الوقاية والتشخيص، وتحسين أو العلاج من الأمراض الجسدية والنفسية.

传统医学的知识,技能和实践基础上的理论,信仰和经验,以不同文化固有的总和,是否可解释与否,在维护健康以及预防,诊断,改善身体和精神疾病的治疗。

La medicina tradicional es la suma total de los conocimientos, habilidades y prácticas basadas en teorías, creencias y experiencias indígenas de distintas culturas, tanto si se utilizan o no explicables, en el mantenimiento de la salud, así como en la prevención, el diagnóstico, la mejora o tratamiento de enfermedades físicas y mentales.

전통 의학천명 여부뿐만 아니라 예방, 진단, 개선 또는 건강의 유지에 사용 여부, 이론, 신념, 그리고 다른 문화고유의 경험을 바탕으로 지식, 기술 및 관행의 합계입니다 신체 및 정신 질환을 치료.

Y học cổ truyền là tổng hợp các kiến ​​thức, kỹ năng và thực hành dựa trên các lý thuyết, tín ngưỡng, và kinh nghiệm bản địa đến các nền văn hóa khác nhau, cho dù giải thích được hay không, được sử dụng trong việc duy trì sức khỏe cũng như trong việc phòng ngừa, chẩn đoán, cải thiện hoặc điều trị các bệnh về thể chất và tinh thần.

பாரம்பரிய மருத்துவம், சாட்டியது அல்லது இல்லை அத்துடன் தடுப்பு, நோய் கண்டறிதல், முன்னேற்றம் அல்லது சுகாதார பராமரிப்பு பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது என்பதை, கோட்பாடுகள், நம்பிக்கைகள், மற்றும் பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகளின் உள்நாட்டு அனுபவங்களை அடிப்படையாக கொண்டு அறிவு, திறன், மற்றும் நடைமுறைகள் தொகை மொத்த உள்ளது உடல் மற்றும் மன நோய் சிகிச்சை.

পরম্পরাগত ঔষধ, কহতব্য বা না হিসাবে ভাল প্রতিরোধ হিসাবে রিপোর্ট প্রকাশের, রোগনির্ণয়, উন্নতি অথবা হিসেবে স্বাস্থ্য রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ ব্যবহৃত কিনা, তত্ত্ব, বিশ্বাস, এবং বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতির আদিবাসী অভিজ্ঞতার উপর ভিত্তি করে জ্ঞান, দক্ষতা, এবং চর্চা সমষ্টি মোট হল শারীরিক ও মানসিক অসুস্থতার চিকিত্সা.
 
ยาแผนโบราณเป็นผลรวมของความรู้ทักษะและการปฏิบัติบนพื้นฐานของทฤษฎีความเชื่อและประสบการณ์ของชนพื้นเมืองวัฒนธรรมที่แตกต่างไม่ว่าจะอธิบายได้หรือไม่ที่ใช้ในการบำรุงรักษาสุขภาพเช่นเดียวกับการป้องกันการวินิจฉัยการปรับปรุงหรือ การรักษาของการเจ็บป่วยทางร่างกายและจิตใจ.

Traditionel medicin er summen af den viden, færdigheder og praksis baseret på teorier, overbevisninger og erfaringer indfødte for forskellige kulturer, uanset forklarlig eller ej, der anvendes i opretholdelsen af ​​sundhed samt i forebyggelse, diagnosticering, forbedring eller behandling af fysisk og psykisk sygdom.

Perinteinen lääketiede on summa tietojen, taitojen ja käytäntöjen perusteella teorioita, uskomuksia ja kokemuksia alkuperäiskansojen eri kulttuureihin, onko selitettävissä tai ei, käytetään terveyden ylläpitäminen sekä ennaltaehkäisyyn, diagnosointiin, parannus-tai hoitoon fyysisen ja psyykkisen sairauden.

Obat tradisional adalah jumlah total dari pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan praktek berdasarkan teori, keyakinan, dan pengalaman adat budaya yang berbeda, apakah dijelaskan atau tidak, digunakan dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan serta dalam pencegahan, diagnosis, perbaikan atau pengobatan penyakit fisik dan mental.

Hefðbundin læknisfræði er summan samtals þekkingu, færni og venjur byggjast á kenningum, viðhorfa og reynslu frumbyggja til mismunandi menningarheima, hvort explicable eða ekki, notað í viðhald heilsu og í forvarnir, greiningu, umbætur eða meðferð líkamlegrar og andlegrar veikinda.

Traditionell medicin är summan av de kunskaper, färdigheter och praxis bygger på teorier, övertygelser och erfarenheter inhemska olika kulturer, vare sig förklaras eller ej, som används i underhållet av hälsa samt att förebygga, diagnostisera, förbättring eller behandling av fysiska och psykiska sjukdomar.

טראַדיציאָנעל מעדיצין איז די סאַכאַקל גאַנץ פון דער וויסן, סקילז, און פּראַקטאַסאַז באזירט אויף די טיריז, ביליפס, און יקספּיריאַנסיז ינדידזשאַנאַס צו פאַרשידענע קאַלטשערז, צי עקספּליקאַבאַל אָדער נישט, געניצט אין דעם וישאַלט פון געזונט ווי געזונט ווי אין דער פאַרהיטונג, דיאַגנאָסיס, פֿאַרבעסערונג אָדער באַהאַנדלונג פון גשמיות און גייַסטיק קראַנקייַט.

ឱសថបុរាណគឺជាការបូកសរុបនៃចំណេះដឹងជំនាញនិងការអនុវត្តដោយផ្អែកលើទ្រឹស្តីនេះជំនឿនិងបទពិធន៍ជនជាតិដើមភាគតិចទៅនឹងវប្បធម៌ផ្សេងគ្នាថាតើ explicable ឬមិនបានប្រើនៅក្នុងការថែទាំសុខភាពក៏ដូចជានៅក្នុងការការពារ, ការធ្វើរោគវិនិច្ឆ័យការកែលម្អការព្យាបាលជំងឺផ្លូវកាយនិងផ្លូវចិត្ត។

ຢາພື້ນເມືອງແມ່ນທັງຫມົດລວມຂອງຄວາມຮູ້, ຄວາມສາມາດ, ແລະການປະຕິບັດໂດຍອີງໃສ່ທິດສະດີການ, ຄວາມເຊື່ອ, ແລະປະສົບການຂອງຊົນເຜົ່າພື້ນເມືອງກັບວັດທະນະທໍາທີ່ແຕກຕ່າງກັນ, ບໍ່ວ່າຈະເປັນ explicable ຫຼືບໍ່, ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ used ບໍາລຸງຮັກສາສຸຂະພາບເຊັ່ນດຽວກັນໃນການປ້ອງກັນ, ການບົ່ງມະຕິການປັບປຸງ, ຫຼື ການປິ່ນປົວການເຈັບເປັນທາງດ້ານຮ່າງກາຍແລະຈິດໃຈ.       

Tradisjonell medisin er summen av kunnskap, ferdigheter og praksis basert på teorier, oppfatninger og erfaringer urfolk til ulike kulturer, enten forklarlig eller ikke, brukes i vedlikehold av helse samt i forebygging, diagnose, forbedring eller behandling av fysiske og psykiske lidelser.   

पारंपरिक चिकित्सा, समझाने के योग्य है या नहीं और साथ ही रोकथाम, निदान, सुधार में या के रूप में स्वास्थ्य के रखरखाव में इस्तेमाल किया जाए, सिद्धांतों, मान्यताओं, और विभिन्न संस्कृतियों के लिए स्वदेशी अनुभवों के आधार पर ज्ञान, कौशल, और प्रथाओं के कुल योग है शारीरिक और मानसिक बीमारी का इलाज.

רפואה מסורתית היא הסכום הכולל של הידע, מיומנויות, ושיטות עבודה המבוסס על התיאוריות, אמונות וחוויות ילידים לתרבויות שונות, בין אם הסבר או לא, המשמש בשמירה על בריאות, כמו גם במניעה, האבחון או השיפור טיפול במחלה פיזית ונפשית.

La medicina tradizionale è la somma delle conoscenze, abilità e pratiche basate sulle teorie, credenze ed esperienze indigene di diverse culture, siano spiegabili o no, utilizzate per il mantenimento della salute e nella prevenzione, diagnosi, miglioramento o trattamento di malattie fisiche e mentali.

Tradicinė medicina yra visuma žinių, įgūdžių ir praktikos, remiantis teorijų, įsitikinimų ir patirties vietinių skirtingų kultūrų, ar nepaaiškinama, ar ne, naudojami sveikatos priežiūrai, taip pat prevencijos, diagnostikos, tobulinti ar gydymas fizinės ir psichinės ligos.

Tradicionālā medicīna ir kopsumma, zināšanas, prasmes un praksi, pamatojoties uz teoriju, pārliecību un pieredzi pamatiedzīvotāji dažādām kultūrām, vai izskaidrojama vai nav, izmanto uzturēšanā veselību, kā arī profilaksei, diagnostikai, uzlabošanas vai apstrāde fiziskās un garīgās slimības.

طب سنتی مجموع دانش، مهارت ها، و شیوه های مبتنی بر نظریه ها، باورها و تجارب بومی به فرهنگ های مختلف است، چه توضیح یا نه، در حفظ سلامت و همچنین در پیشگیری، تشخیص، بهبود یا استفاده می شوددرمان بیماری های جسمی و روحی.

Tradicionalna medicina je vsota znanja, spretnosti in prakse na podlagi teorij, prepričanj in izkušenj avtohtonih različnim kulturam, ali je mogoče razložiti ali ne, ki se uporablja pri ohranjanju zdravja kot tudi pri preprečevanju, diagnosticiranju, izboljšanje ali zdravljenje telesnih in duševnih obolenj.

Tradicionalna medicina je suma znanja, vještina i prakse na temelju teorije, uvjerenja i iskustava autohtonih s različitim kulturama, jesu li objasniti ili ne, koristi u održavanju zdravlja, kao i na sprječavanje, dijagnoza, poboljšanja ili liječenje fizičke i mentalne bolesti.

Traditionele geneeskunde is de som van de kennis, vaardigheden en praktijken op basis van de theorieën, overtuigingen en ervaringen van nature voor in verschillende culturen, al verklaarbaar of niet, die worden gebruikt in het onderhoud van de gezondheid, alsook in de preventie, diagnose, verbetering of behandeling van lichamelijke en geestelijke ziekte.

Dawa za jadi ndiyo jumla ya maarifa, ujuzi, na mazoea ya msingi ya nadharia, imani, na uzoefu asilia wa tamaduni tofauti, iwe explicable au la, kutumika katika matengenezo ya afya kama vile katika kuzuia, utambuzi kuuboresha, au matibabu ya ugonjwa wa kimwili na kiakili.      

伝統医学は、説明可能なかどうかは、同様に予防、診断、改善またはとして健康の維持に使用されるかどうかを、理論、信念、そして異なる文化に固有の経験に基づく知識、スキル、および実務の合計です物理的および精神的な病気の治療。

Народная медицина представляет собой совокупность знаний, навыков и практики, основанных на теориях, верованиях, и опыте различных культур, будь то объяснимо или нет, использовали в поддержании здоровья, а также в профилактике, диагностике, улучшения или лечения физических и психических заболеваний.

La médecine traditionnelle est la somme des connaissances, les compétences et les pratiques fondées sur les théories, les croyances et les expériences propres aux différentes cultures, explicables ou non, utilisées dans le maintien de la santé ainsi que dans la prévention, le diagnostic, l'amélioration ou traitement des maladies physiques et mentales.         

World Health Report

Primary Health Care now more than ever 
World Health Report 2008

As nations seek to strengthen their health systems, they are increasingly looking to primary health care (PHC) to provide a clear and comprehensive sense of direction. The World Health Report 2008 analyses how primary health care reforms, that embody the principles of universal access, equity and social justice, are an essential response to the health challenges of a rapidly changing world and the growing expectations of countries and their citizens for health and health care.

The Report identifies four interlocking sets of PHC reforms that aim to: achieve universal access and social protection, so as to improve health equity; re-organize service delivery around people's needs and expectations; secure healthier communities through better public policies; and remodel leadership for health around more effective government and the active participation of key stakeholders.

This Report comes 30 years after the Alma-Ata Conference of 1978 on primary health care, which agreed to tackle the "politically, socially and economically unacceptable" health inequalities in all countries. Much has been accomplished in this regard: if children were still dying at 1978 rates, there would have been 16.2 million child deaths globally in 2006 instead of the actual 9.5 million. Yet, progress in health has been deeply and unacceptably unequal, with many disadvantaged populations increasingly lagging behind or even losing ground.

Meanwhile, the nature of health problems is changing dramatically. Urbanization, globalization and other factors speed the worldwide transmission of communicable diseases, and increase the burden of chronic disorders. Climate change and food insecurity will have major implications for health in the years ahead thereby creating enormous challenges for an effective and equitable response.

In the face of all this, business as usual for health systems is not a viable option. Many systems seem to be drifting from one short-term priority to another, increasingly fragmented and without a strong sense of preparedness for what lies ahead.

Fortunately, the current international environment is favourable to a renewal of PHC. Global health is receiving unprecedented attention. There is growing interest in united action, with greater calls for comprehensive, universal care and health in all policies. Expectations have never been so high.

By capitalizing on this momentum, investment in primary health care reforms can transform health systems and improve the health of individuals, families and communities everywhere. For everyone interested in how progress in health can be made in the 21st century, the World Health Report 2008 is indispensable reading.




http://apps.who.int/bookorders/MDIbookJPG/Book/12402008.jpg

TM Key Facts

Key facts

  • In some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine for primary health care.
  • Herbal medicines are the most lucrative form of traditional medicine, generating billions of dollars in revenue.
  • Traditional medicine can treat various infectious and chronic conditions: new antimalarial drugs were developed from the discovery and isolation of artemisinin from Artemisia annua L., a plant used in China for almost 2000 years.
  • Counterfeit, poor quality, or adulterated herbal products in international markets are serious patient safety threats.
  • More than 100 countries have regulations for herbal medicines.

Traditional medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illnesses.
Traditional medicine that has been adopted by other populations (outside its indigenous culture) is often termed alternative or complementary medicine.
Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products that contain parts of plants or other plant materials as active ingredients.

Who uses traditional medicine?

In some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine for primary health care.
In many developed countries, 70% to 80% of the population has used some form of alternative or complementary medicine (e.g. acupuncture).
Herbal treatments are the most popular form of traditional medicine, and are highly lucrative in the international marketplace. Annual revenues in Western Europe reached US$ 5 billion in 2003-2004. In China sales of products totaled US$ 14 billion in 2005. Herbal medicine revenue in Brazil was US$ 160 million in 2007.

Challenges

Traditional medicine has been used in some communities for thousands of years. As traditional medicine practices are adopted by new populations there are challenges.
International diversity: Traditional medicine practices have been adopted in different cultures and regions without the parallel advance of international standards and methods for evaluation.
National policy and regulation: Not many countries have national policies for traditional medicine. Regulating traditional medicine products, practices and practitioners is difficult due to variations in definitions and categorizations of traditional medicine therapies. A single herbal product could be defined as either a food, a dietary supplement or an herbal medicine, depending on the country. This disparity in regulations at the national level has implications for international access and distribution of products.
Safety, effectiveness and quality: Scientific evidence from tests done to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of traditional medicine products and practices is limited. While evidence shows that acupuncture, some herbal medicines and some manual therapies (e.g. massage) are effective for specific conditions, further study of products and practices is needed. Requirements and methods for research and evaluation are complex. For example, it can be difficult to assess the quality of finished herbal products. The safety, effectiveness and quality of finished herbal medicine products depend on the quality of their source materials (which can include hundreds of natural constituents), and how elements are handled through production processes.
Knowledge and sustainability: Herbal materials for products are collected from wild plant populations and cultivated medicinal plants. The expanding herbal product market could drive over-harvesting of plants and threaten biodiversity. Poorly managed collection and cultivation practices could lead to the extinction of endangered plant species and the destruction of natural resources. Efforts to preserve both plant populations and knowledge on how to use them for medicinal purposes is needed to sustain traditional medicine.
Patient safety and use: Many people believe that because medicines are herbal (natural) or traditional they are safe (or carry no risk for harm). However, traditional medicines and practices can cause harmful, adverse reactions if the product or therapy is of poor quality, or it is taken inappropriately or in conjunction with other medicines. Increased patient awareness about safe usage is important, as well as more training, collaboration and communication among providers of traditional and other medicines.

WHO response

WHO and its Member States cooperate to promote the use of traditional medicine for health care. The collaboration aims to:
  • support and integrate traditional medicine into national health systems in combination with national policy and regulation for products, practices and providers to ensure safety and quality;
  • ensure the use of safe, effective and quality products and practices, based on available evidence;
  • acknowledge traditional medicine as part of primary health care, to increase access to care and preserve knowledge and resources; and
  • ensure patient safety by upgrading the skills and knowledge of traditional medicine providers.

WHO Collaborating Centres for Traditional Medicine

WHO Collaborating Centres for 

Traditional Medicine

Region of the Americas

United States of America

:: College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago

Web Site: http://tigger.uic.edu/htbin/codewrap/bin/pharmacy/cgi-bin/centers/who_collaborating_traditional_medicine/index.php

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Sudan

:: Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum

United Arab Emirates

:: Zayed Complex For Herbal research and Traditional Medicine (ZCHRTM), Abu Dhabi

European Region

Italy

:: Centre of Research in Bioclimatology, Biotechnologies and Natural Medicine, State University of Milan, Milan

Norway

:: National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), University of Tromso, Tromso

South-East Asian Region

India

:: Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar
:: Department of Yoga Therapy and Training, Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New Delhi

Western Pacific Region

Australia

:: Division of Chinese Medicine School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne

People’s Republic of China

:: Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing

:: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing

:: Institute of Clinical Research & Information, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing

:: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing

:: Chinese Medicine Division, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
:: Chinese Medicine Division, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR

:: Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing

:: Institute of Acupuncture Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai

:: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai

Japan

:: Oriental Medicine Research Centre (OMRC), Kitasato University, Tokyo
:: Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama

Republic of Korea

:: Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon
:: East-West Medical Research, Institute Kyung Hee University, Seoul

:: Natural Products Research Institute Seoul National University, Seoul

Viet Nam

:: National Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Hanoi

 

 

International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines

IRCH

International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines


A World Health Organization (WHO) working group meeting on international regulatory cooperation for herbal medicines took place from 28 to 30 November 2005 in Ottawa, Canada, hosted by, and with the financial support of, the Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch of Health Canada. Twenty-nine participants from 16 countries attended the meeting. Representatives of regional bodies and groups on herbal medicines were also invited to attend the meeting. After intensive discussion, the participants agreed by consensus to establish a network for International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines (IRCH). Subsequently, the IRCH was established in early 2006 by receiving the nomination of the information focal points from the invited countries to join the IRCH by WHO. The second WHO working group meeting on international regulatory cooperation for herbal medicines took place from 23 to 25 October 2006 in Beijing, China. Since the IRCH was already established, this meeting was considered as the first annual meeting of IRCH. Delegations from 11 of 13 Members of IRCH attended the meeting together with observers from four national regulatory authorities. These terms of reference for IRCH were drafted based on the discussion at the first WHO working group meeting and reviewed and agreed by consensus at the second WHO working group meeting: the first annual meeting of IRCH in October 2006.
Mission
International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines is a network to protect and promote public health and safety through improved regulation for herbal medicines.
Membership of IRCH and admission process
Membership is open to any national regulatory authority responsible for the regulation of herbal medicines and regional/sub-regional bodies responsible for the regulation of herbal medicines.
An interested country must apply for membership through a national regulatory authority.
WHO conducts the administrative admission procedure which starts with a candidate country showing interest in joining IRCH. WHO will then screen and review the application according to the admission criteria set according to the terms of reference of the IRCH.

Current Members of IRCH  

 March 2013

Member Countries (25):
  • Argentina
  • Armenia
  • Australia
  • Brazil
  • Brunei Darussalam
  • Canada
  • China
  • Ghana
  • Hungary
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Japan
  • Malaysia
  • Mexico
  • Oman
  • Pakistan
  • Peru
  • Portugal
  • Republic of Korea
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Singapore
  • United Arab Emirates
  • United Kingdom
  • United Republic of Tanzania
  • United States of America
Member Regional/Sub-regional bodies:
  • ASEAN ( Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
  • EMA (European Medicines Agency)
  • LATIN AMERICAN PARLIAMENT

General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evalu a tion of Traditional Medicine

General Guidelines for Methodologies on
Research and Evaluation of
Traditional Medicine
 

Traditional medicine

Traditional medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.

Complementary/alternative medicine (CAM)

The terms "complementary medicine" or "alternative medicine" are used inter-changeably with traditional medicine in some countries. They refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country's own tradition and are not integrated into the dominant health care system.

Herbal medicines

Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products, that contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations.
  • Herbs: crude plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes or other plant parts, which may be entire, fragmented or powdered.
  • Herbal materials: in addition to herbs, fresh juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils, resins and dry powders of herbs. In some countries, these materials may be processed by various local procedures, such as steaming, roasting, or stir-baking with honey, alcoholic beverages or other materials.
  • Herbal preparations: the basis for finished herbal products and may include comminuted or powdered herbal materials, or extracts, tinctures and fatty oils of herbal materials. They are produced by extraction, fractionation, purification, concentration, or other physical or biological processes. They also include preparations made by steeping or heating herbal materials in alcoholic beverages and/or honey, or in other materials.
  • Finished herbal products: herbal preparations made from one or more herbs. If more than one herb is used, the term mixture herbal product can also be used. Finished herbal products and mixture herbal products may contain excipients in addition to the active ingredients. However, finished products or mixture products to which chemically defined active substances have been added, including synthetic compounds and/or isolated constituents from herbal materials, are not considered to be herbal.

Traditional use of herbal medicines

Traditional use of herbal medicines refers to the long historical use of these medicines. Their use is well established and widely acknowledged to be safe and effective, and may be accepted by national authorities.

Therapeutic activity

Therapeutic activity refers to the successful prevention, diagnosis and treatment of physical and mental illnesses; improvement of symptoms of illnesses; as well as beneficial alteration or regulation of the physical and mental status of the body.

Active ingredient

Active ingredients refer to ingredients of herbal medicines with therapeutic activity. In herbal medicines where the active ingredients have been identified, the preparation of these medicines should be standardized to contain a defined amount of the active ingredients, if adequate analytical methods are available. In cases where it is not possible to identify the active ingredients, the whole herbal medicine may be considered as one active ingredient.
 

WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture


Guidelines on Basic Training and 
Safety in Acupuncture
The guidelines on basic training cover basic requirements for training non-physician acupuncturists and physicians wishing to use acupuncture in their clinical work and include a core syllabus. 
These are intended to assist national health authorities in setting standards and establishing official examinations as well as medical schools and institutions wishing to arrange training programmes.
The guidelines on safety in acupuncture are intended for hospitals, clinics, and practitioners and provide standards for safety in the clinical practice of acupuncture.

More than 50 international experts shared their knowledge and experience in their preparation.

The Organization acknowledges its indebtedness to the many experts who provided comments and advice during the preparation of these Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture, including those who submitted comments through the WHO Regional Offices and the World Federation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Societies (WFAS).


WHO GUIDELINES ON ACUPUNCTURE



DIRETRIZES DA OMS SOBRE ACUPUNTURA


FONTE: JORNAL VIDA INTEGRAL
MAIO DE 2012

I SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ACUPUNTURA DA WFAS-SP





FONTE : JORNAL VIDA INTEGRAL
JANEIRO 2012






CAHCIM Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine

Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine



The Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine is supported by membership dues and grants from philanthropic partners including The Bravewell Collaborative. Our membership currently includes 56 highly esteemed academic medical centers and affiliate institutions.
The mission of the Consortium is to advance the principles and practices of integrative healthcare within academic institutions. The Consortium provides its institutional membership with a community of support for its academic missions and a collective voice for influencing change. Our mission is accomplished through:
  • Supporting and mentoring academic leaders, faculty, and students to advance integrative healthcare curricula, research, and clinical care.
  • Disseminating information on rigorous scientific research, educational curricula in integrative health, and sustainable models of clinical care.
  • Informing health care policy.
As an organization we are committed to sharing information and ideas, meeting challenges together in a process grounded by the values of integrative medicine, supporting member institutions, and providing a national voice for the advancement of integrative principles. The Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine recognizes the opportunity to affect the direction, assumptions and outcomes of healthcare.  The involvement of strong academic institutions and their representatives allows us to provide a forum for those committed to the values of integrative medicine. The Consortium will provide the cohesion necessary to maximize individual institutional efforts, and also move the field forward in a way that no one institution is able.


Members

United States
Arizona 

 University of Arizona  Program in Integrative Medicine
www.integrativemedicine.arizona.edu

California
Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine
Stanford University
Stanford Center for Integrative Medicine
http://www.stanfordhospital.com/clinicsmedServices/
clinics/complementaryMedicine/default

University of California, IrvineSusan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine www.sscim.uci.edu
University of California , Los Angeles
Collaborative Centers for Integrative Medicine
www.ccim.med.ucla.edu
University of California, San DiegoCenter for Integrative Medicine
University of California, San FranciscoOsher Center for Integrative Medicine www.osher.ucsf.edu
University of Southern California
Colorado
University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine
The Center for Integrative Medicine www.uch.edu/integrativemed
Connecticut
University of Connecticut Health CenterPrograms in Complementary and Integrative Medicine http://picim.uchc.edu
Yale UniversityIntegrative Medicine @ Yale
cam.yale.edu
Integrative Medicine Center at Griffin Hospital
www.imc-griffin.org
Forida
University of Miami

Hawaii
University of Hawaii-Manoa
John A. Burns School of Medicine Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
www.jabsom.hawaii.edu/jabsom
Illinois Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern Integrative Medicine
www.nmpg.com
University of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineNorthShore University HealthSystem
www.northshore.org/integrative
Kansas
University of Kansas
Program in Integrative Medicine
http://integrativemed.kumc.edu/
Maryland
Johns Hopkins UniversitySchool of Medicine
Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine www.hopkinsmedicine.org/cam
University of MarylandCenter for Integrative Medicine www.compmed.umm.edu
Massachusetts
Boston University School of MedicineProgram in Integrative Cross Cultural Care
http://www.bu.edu/integrativemed/
Harvard Medical School
Osher Institute
www.osher.hms.harvard.edu
Tufts University School of Medicinehttp://www.tufts.edu/med/
University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolCenter for Mindfulness www.umassmed.edu/cfm/index.aspx
Michigan
University of Michigan
Integrative Medicine
www.med.umich.edu/umim
Minnesota
Allina Health
www.allinahealth.org
Mayo Clinic
Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program
www.mayoclinic.org/general-internal-medicine-rst/cimc.html
Research
http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/cimp/
University of Minnesota
Center for Spirituality and Healing
www.csh.umn.edu
New Jersey
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine
www.umdnj.edu/icam
New Mexico
University of New MexicoHealth Science Center http://hsc.unm.edu/
New York
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva UniversityContinuum Center for Health and Healing www.healthandhealingny.org
Columbia University
Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Center for Complementary & Alternative Medicine
www.rosenthal.hs.columbia.edu
Mount Sinai Medical Center
North Carolina
Duke University
Duke Integrative Medicine
www.dukeintegrativemedicine.org
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Program on Integrative Medicine
pim.med.unc.edu
Wake Forest University School of Medicine
Center for Integrative Medicine
http://www1.wfubmc.edu/cim/
Ohio
Cleveland Clinic
Center for Integrative Medicine
www.ccf.org/integrative
The Ohio State UniversityCenter for Integrative Medicine
www.medicalcenter.osu.edu/go/integrative
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati Center for Integrative Health and Wellness
www.med.uc.edu/integrativehealth
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/i/integrative-care/default/
Oregon
Oregon Health and Science University
Women's Primary Care and Integrative Medicine,
Center for Women's Health
www.ohsu.edu/cam
www.ohsuwomenshealth.com/services/doctors/
integrative.html

Pennsylvania
Temple University
Thomas Jefferson University
Jefferson Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine
jeffline.jefferson.edu/jmbcim
www.jeffersonhospital.org/cim
University of Pennsylvania
CAM at Penn
www.med.upenn.edu/penncam
University of PittsburghCenter for Integrative Medicine http://integrativemedicine.upmc.com
Tennessee
Vanderbilt UniversityVanderbilt Center for Integrative Health
www.vcih.org
Texas
MD Anderson Cancer Care
Division of Cancer Medicine
www.mdanderson.org/integrativemed
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
University of Texas Medical Branch
UTMB Integrative Health Care
http://cam.utmb.edu/
Vermont
University of Vermont College of Medicine
Program in Integrative Medicine
www.med.uvm.edu/integrativemedicine
Washington
University of Washington
UW Integrative Health Program
Washington, DC
George Washington University
Center for Integrative Medicine
www.integrativemedicinedc.com

Georgetown UniversitySchool of Medicine
http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/
physiology/cam/index.html

http://som.georgetown.edu/
Wisconsin
Aurora Health Care
www.aurorahealthcare.org
www.aurora.org/FPResidency
University of Wisconsin-Madison
UW Integrative Medicine Program
www.uwhealth.org/integrativemed
www.fammed.wisc.edu/integrative

CanadaAlberta
University of Alberta
Complementary and Alternative Research and Education (CARE)
www.care.ualberta.ca/

University of Calgary
Canadian Institute of Natural & Integrative Medicine
www.cinim.org
Ontario
McMaster University
Family Practice Centre of Integrative Health and Healing
www.fpcihh.com

Quebec


Mexico
Jalisco

Universidad de Guadalajara